India-China border incursions and clashes have become more frequent and threaten to lead to an all-out conflict between the two Asian giants. In recent years, China has intensified border disputes with India through infrastructure development, military deployments, capacity building and periodic efforts to encroach on Indian-controlled territory. The first fatal border clash between the two countries in 45 years took place on 15 June 2020 in the Galwan River Valley, killing 20 Indians and at least four Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers. Recently, on December 9, 2022, Chinese and Indian forces clashed along the disputed border in the mountains near Tawang in India’s northeastern Arunachal Pradesh state after about 300 Chinese PLA soldiers attempted to cross the border.
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